创业网络演进阶段整合模型构建与研究启示探析
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外国经济与管理 2013 年 第 35 卷第 09 期, 页码：15 - 24
摘要
参考文献
摘要
鉴于创业网络在创业过程中发挥着关键作用,从过程视角来研究创业网络的不同演进阶段,对于揭示创业网络在创业过程不同阶段所发挥的作用具有重要的意义。本文在分析创业过程与创业网络关系的基础上,构建了一个创业网络演进阶段整合模型,从网络内容、网络治理机制、网络结构与网络能力四个方面对创业网络的不同演进阶段进行了详细的分析,最后指出了本研究对后续相关研究的启示意义。
[1]Amit R and Zott C.Value creation in e-business[J].Strategic Management Journal,2001,22(4):493-520.
[2]Anderson R,et al.Network practices and entrepreneurial growth[J].Scandinavian Journal of Management,2010,26(2):121-133.
[3]Batgargal B.The dynamics of entrepreneurs’networks in a transitioning economy:The case of Russia[J].Entrepreneurship and Regional Development,2006,18(4):305-320.
[4]Baum J.Organizational ecology[A].Clegg H and Nord S(Eds.).Handbook of organization studies[C].London:Sage,1996.
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[6]Dodd S D and Patra E.National difference in entrepreneurial networking[J].Entrepreneurship and Regional Development,2002,14(1):117-134.
[7]Elfring T and Hulsink W.Networks in entrepreneurship:The case of high-technology firms[J].Small Business Economics,2003,21(3):409-422
[8]Greve A and Salaff J W.Social networks and entrepreneurship[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2003,28(1):1-23
[9]Hite J and Hesterly S.The evolution of firm networks—From emergence to early growth in the firm[J].Strategic Management Journal,2001,22(3):275-286.
[10]Hoang H and Antoncic B.Network-based research in entrepreneurship:A critical review[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2003,18(2):165-187.
[11]Honig B and Davidsson P.The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2003,8(3):301-331.
[12]Kale P and Singh H.Building firm capabilities through learning:The role of the alliance learning process in alliance capability and firm-level alliance success[J].Strategic Management Journal,2007,28(10):981-1000.
[13]Lans T,et al.Analysing,pursuing and networking:Towards a validated three-factor framework for entrepreneurial competence from a small firm perspective[J].International Small Business Journal,2011,29(6):695-713.
[14]Larson A.Network dyads in entrepreneurial settings:A study of the governance of exchange relations[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1992,37(1):76-104.
[15]Larson A and Starr J A.A network model of organization formation[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1993,17(2):5-15.
[16]Lechner C and Dowling M.Firm networks:External relationships as sources for the growth and competitiveness of entrepreneurial firms[J].Entrepreneurship and Regional Development,2003,15(1):1-26.
[17]Lin B W,et al.Social capital,capabilities,and entrepreneurial strategies:A study of Taiwanese high-tech new venture[J].Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2006,73(2):168-181.
[18]Menzies T,et al.A longitudinal study of the characteristics,business creation process and outcome differences of Canadian female vs.male nascent entrepreneurs[J].International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,2006,2(4):441-453.
[19]Newbert S and Tornikoski T.Supporter networks and network growth:A contingency model of organizational emergence[J].Small Business Economics,2012,39(1):141-159.
[20]Petrova K.Part-time entrepreneurship and financial constraints:Evidence from the panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics[J].Small Business Economics,2010,39(2):473493.
[21]Sarah J,et al.The role of networking in the growth processes of family firms:An international study[R].The 10th annual world family business research conference,Lancaster University,Lancaster,UK,2010.
[22]Schutjens V and Stam E.The evolution and nature of young firm networks:A longitudinal perspective[J].Small Business Economics,2003,21(1):115-134.
[23]Siu W and Bao Q.Network relationship,governance,structure and strategies of Chinese hi-tech small firms[R].Paper presented at the 2006Academy of Management Conference,Atlanta,GA,2006.
[24]Siu W and Bao Q.Network strategies of small Chinese hightechnology firms:A qualitative study[J].Journal of Product Innovation Management,2008,25(1):79-102.
[25]Smith A and Lohrke T.Entrepreneurial network development:Trusting in the process[J].Journal of Business Research,2008,61(4):315-322.
[26]Stinchcombe A.Social structure and organizations[A].March J G(Ed.).Handbook of organizations[C].Chicago,IL:Rand McNally,1965:142-193.
[27]Tornikoski E T and Newbert S L.Exploring the determinants of organizational emergence:A legitimacy perspective[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2007,22(2):311-335.
[28]Trevelyan R.Entrepreneurial attitudes and action in new venture development[J].International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation,2009,10(1):21-32.
[29]Ucbasaran D,et al.The focus of entrepreneurial research:Contextual and process issue[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2001,25(5):57-80.
[30]Uzzi B.The sources and consequences of embeddedness for the economic performance of organizations:The network effect[J].American Journal of Sociology,1996,25(1):19-46.
[31]Walter A,et al.The impact of network capabilities and entrepreneurial orientation on university spin-off performance[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2006,21(4):541-567.
[32]Welter F.All you need is trust?A critical review of the trust and entrepreneurship literature[J].International Small Business Journal,2012,30(3):193-212.
[33]Wu L and Dong B-B.Whether dynamic capability can be regarded as the mediator between network and competitive advantage[J].Journal of Entrepreneurial Development Research,2010,2(2):103-117.
[34]Zahra S A.Contextualizing theory building in entrepreneurship research[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2007,22(3):443-452.
[35]Zhao L and Aram J D.Networking and growth of young technology-intensive ventures in China[J].Journal of Business Venturing,1995,11(10):349-370.
[36]董保宝.网络结构与竞争优势关系研究——基于动态能力中介效应的视角[J].管理学报,2012,(1):56-62.
[37]徐金发等.企业的网络能力剖析[J].外国经济与管理,2001,(11):21-25.
①截至本文引用以下三个文献时,Larson(1992)的文章被引用了2175次,而且引用此文的文章多数发表在国际顶级期刊上。arson和Starr(1993)的文章被引用了608次,Zhao和Aram(1995)的文章也被引用322次之多。
②任何组织和个人都与外界保持一定的“关系”和“连接”,都嵌在一个由多种关系相互交织在一起的复杂网络中。关系是,连接是果,有关系就有连接,各种各样的关系与连接构建了关网络的基本结构。“关系”是描述网络联系的一般词语,而“连”则从网络强度(strength)视角来解释关系的强弱,如强、弱连(Zhao和Aram,1995)。
③networking commitment)主要是指网络成员对资源需求者做出的资源承诺,即在有资源需求时就加以满足。
④网络动态发展(network dynamics)的关键指标主要有三个,即网络演进(network evolution)、网络发展(network development)和网络变化(network change)。
⑤信任是决定行为意向的关键要素之一,在网络关系中信任是相互的、互惠的;而理性契约(rational contract)概念源自于社会契约理论(theory of social contract)。社会契约作为一种社会规范是随着人类社会形态的发展而自然产生的,它分为两类:经济层面的社会契约与社会伦理层面的社会契约。本研究所说的理性契约,既指经济层面(契约能够带来利益)也指伦理层面(契约能够带来互信)。在创业网络发展初期,出于互利的需要,创业者与其他行为主体之间逐渐形成了互信、互助的行为规则。企业逐渐发现保持信任关系是为生存所必需的“技能”,于是就产生了对创业者以及企业伦理进行规范的社会契约。因此,创业网络发展演进到一定阶段,就会要求企业遵守有利于双方自然发展的最基本的社会契约。这类契约关系既可以是在长期交往过程中形成的(无合同约束),也可以通过签订合同来构建。在社会学领域,上述契约关系被称为理性契约行为(Granovetter,1973和1985)。而且,理性契约这一说法在创业理论和社会网络理论中用得也很多。因此,信任是理性契约关系构建与发展的基石。
⑥Ucbasaran等(2001)认为,构建多元化创业模型要求在模型中既纳入关键变量,更要体现这些变量之间的关系变化。Timmons的经典创业模型就是这方面一个比较典型的模型(详见笔者2012年发表于《外国经济与管理》第2期的相关文章)。
[2]Anderson R,et al.Network practices and entrepreneurial growth[J].Scandinavian Journal of Management,2010,26(2):121-133.
[3]Batgargal B.The dynamics of entrepreneurs’networks in a transitioning economy:The case of Russia[J].Entrepreneurship and Regional Development,2006,18(4):305-320.
[4]Baum J.Organizational ecology[A].Clegg H and Nord S(Eds.).Handbook of organization studies[C].London:Sage,1996.
[5]Coad A and Tamvada J.Firm growth and barriers to growth among small firms in India[J].Small Business Economics,2011,35(3):65-79.
[6]Dodd S D and Patra E.National difference in entrepreneurial networking[J].Entrepreneurship and Regional Development,2002,14(1):117-134.
[7]Elfring T and Hulsink W.Networks in entrepreneurship:The case of high-technology firms[J].Small Business Economics,2003,21(3):409-422
[8]Greve A and Salaff J W.Social networks and entrepreneurship[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2003,28(1):1-23
[9]Hite J and Hesterly S.The evolution of firm networks—From emergence to early growth in the firm[J].Strategic Management Journal,2001,22(3):275-286.
[10]Hoang H and Antoncic B.Network-based research in entrepreneurship:A critical review[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2003,18(2):165-187.
[11]Honig B and Davidsson P.The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2003,8(3):301-331.
[12]Kale P and Singh H.Building firm capabilities through learning:The role of the alliance learning process in alliance capability and firm-level alliance success[J].Strategic Management Journal,2007,28(10):981-1000.
[13]Lans T,et al.Analysing,pursuing and networking:Towards a validated three-factor framework for entrepreneurial competence from a small firm perspective[J].International Small Business Journal,2011,29(6):695-713.
[14]Larson A.Network dyads in entrepreneurial settings:A study of the governance of exchange relations[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1992,37(1):76-104.
[15]Larson A and Starr J A.A network model of organization formation[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1993,17(2):5-15.
[16]Lechner C and Dowling M.Firm networks:External relationships as sources for the growth and competitiveness of entrepreneurial firms[J].Entrepreneurship and Regional Development,2003,15(1):1-26.
[17]Lin B W,et al.Social capital,capabilities,and entrepreneurial strategies:A study of Taiwanese high-tech new venture[J].Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2006,73(2):168-181.
[18]Menzies T,et al.A longitudinal study of the characteristics,business creation process and outcome differences of Canadian female vs.male nascent entrepreneurs[J].International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,2006,2(4):441-453.
[19]Newbert S and Tornikoski T.Supporter networks and network growth:A contingency model of organizational emergence[J].Small Business Economics,2012,39(1):141-159.
[20]Petrova K.Part-time entrepreneurship and financial constraints:Evidence from the panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics[J].Small Business Economics,2010,39(2):473493.
[21]Sarah J,et al.The role of networking in the growth processes of family firms:An international study[R].The 10th annual world family business research conference,Lancaster University,Lancaster,UK,2010.
[22]Schutjens V and Stam E.The evolution and nature of young firm networks:A longitudinal perspective[J].Small Business Economics,2003,21(1):115-134.
[23]Siu W and Bao Q.Network relationship,governance,structure and strategies of Chinese hi-tech small firms[R].Paper presented at the 2006Academy of Management Conference,Atlanta,GA,2006.
[24]Siu W and Bao Q.Network strategies of small Chinese hightechnology firms:A qualitative study[J].Journal of Product Innovation Management,2008,25(1):79-102.
[25]Smith A and Lohrke T.Entrepreneurial network development:Trusting in the process[J].Journal of Business Research,2008,61(4):315-322.
[26]Stinchcombe A.Social structure and organizations[A].March J G(Ed.).Handbook of organizations[C].Chicago,IL:Rand McNally,1965:142-193.
[27]Tornikoski E T and Newbert S L.Exploring the determinants of organizational emergence:A legitimacy perspective[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2007,22(2):311-335.
[28]Trevelyan R.Entrepreneurial attitudes and action in new venture development[J].International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation,2009,10(1):21-32.
[29]Ucbasaran D,et al.The focus of entrepreneurial research:Contextual and process issue[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2001,25(5):57-80.
[30]Uzzi B.The sources and consequences of embeddedness for the economic performance of organizations:The network effect[J].American Journal of Sociology,1996,25(1):19-46.
[31]Walter A,et al.The impact of network capabilities and entrepreneurial orientation on university spin-off performance[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2006,21(4):541-567.
[32]Welter F.All you need is trust?A critical review of the trust and entrepreneurship literature[J].International Small Business Journal,2012,30(3):193-212.
[33]Wu L and Dong B-B.Whether dynamic capability can be regarded as the mediator between network and competitive advantage[J].Journal of Entrepreneurial Development Research,2010,2(2):103-117.
[34]Zahra S A.Contextualizing theory building in entrepreneurship research[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2007,22(3):443-452.
[35]Zhao L and Aram J D.Networking and growth of young technology-intensive ventures in China[J].Journal of Business Venturing,1995,11(10):349-370.
[36]董保宝.网络结构与竞争优势关系研究——基于动态能力中介效应的视角[J].管理学报,2012,(1):56-62.
[37]徐金发等.企业的网络能力剖析[J].外国经济与管理,2001,(11):21-25.
①截至本文引用以下三个文献时,Larson(1992)的文章被引用了2175次,而且引用此文的文章多数发表在国际顶级期刊上。arson和Starr(1993)的文章被引用了608次,Zhao和Aram(1995)的文章也被引用322次之多。
②任何组织和个人都与外界保持一定的“关系”和“连接”,都嵌在一个由多种关系相互交织在一起的复杂网络中。关系是,连接是果,有关系就有连接,各种各样的关系与连接构建了关网络的基本结构。“关系”是描述网络联系的一般词语,而“连”则从网络强度(strength)视角来解释关系的强弱,如强、弱连(Zhao和Aram,1995)。
③networking commitment)主要是指网络成员对资源需求者做出的资源承诺,即在有资源需求时就加以满足。
④网络动态发展(network dynamics)的关键指标主要有三个,即网络演进(network evolution)、网络发展(network development)和网络变化(network change)。
⑤信任是决定行为意向的关键要素之一,在网络关系中信任是相互的、互惠的;而理性契约(rational contract)概念源自于社会契约理论(theory of social contract)。社会契约作为一种社会规范是随着人类社会形态的发展而自然产生的,它分为两类:经济层面的社会契约与社会伦理层面的社会契约。本研究所说的理性契约,既指经济层面(契约能够带来利益)也指伦理层面(契约能够带来互信)。在创业网络发展初期,出于互利的需要,创业者与其他行为主体之间逐渐形成了互信、互助的行为规则。企业逐渐发现保持信任关系是为生存所必需的“技能”,于是就产生了对创业者以及企业伦理进行规范的社会契约。因此,创业网络发展演进到一定阶段,就会要求企业遵守有利于双方自然发展的最基本的社会契约。这类契约关系既可以是在长期交往过程中形成的(无合同约束),也可以通过签订合同来构建。在社会学领域,上述契约关系被称为理性契约行为(Granovetter,1973和1985)。而且,理性契约这一说法在创业理论和社会网络理论中用得也很多。因此,信任是理性契约关系构建与发展的基石。
⑥Ucbasaran等(2001)认为,构建多元化创业模型要求在模型中既纳入关键变量,更要体现这些变量之间的关系变化。Timmons的经典创业模型就是这方面一个比较典型的模型(详见笔者2012年发表于《外国经济与管理》第2期的相关文章)。
引用本文
董保宝. 创业网络演进阶段整合模型构建与研究启示探析[J]. 外国经济与管理, 2013, 35(9): 15–24.
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