Healthy workers are the prerequisite and foundation for creating value, generating wealth, and ensuring the smooth operation of social reproduction. Marxist political economy has deeply studied the interrelationship between labor reproduction and health security, considering that health profoundly affects labor reproduction, thereby constraining the entire reproduction of material production and manifesting in the four aspects of social reproduction: production, exchange, distribution, and consumption. Labor reproduction is not only carried out under specific production relations, but also strengthens or destroys these production relations. Health security for workers is a crucial factor in the interaction between labor reproduction and the reproduction of production relations. Based on the theory of labor reproduction from Marxist political economy, clarifying the interrelationship between labor reproduction and health security provides significant guidance for exploring high-level labor reproduction through health security in China. Over the 75 years since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, the Party and the state have combined Marxism with Chinese reality, placing people’s health in a strategically critical position. By launching health revolutions, establishing and improving medical insurance systems, and promoting the Healthy China Initiative, they have explored the crucial role of health security in safeguarding workers’ rights and realizing common prosperity for all people, leveraging the significant function of health security in social reproduction, and highlighting the critical support capacity of the public health security system. A health security system with Chinese characteristics has been gradually constructed, fully demonstrating the superiority of health security under the socialist system. As socialism with Chinese characteristics enters a new era, to achieve high-level labor reproduction through the Healthy China Initiative, it is necessary to construct a more comprehensive health security system for workers, develop platforms for nurturing new quality labor forces, and establish a health security mechanism that combines active governments with efficient markets, so as to pursue a path of health security development with Chinese characteristics, and promote the free and well-rounded development of every person on the basis of ensuring the basic health of workers.