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①Digal等(2002)在一篇关于市场权力研究方法的论文中开篇就引用了这句话(Kohls L.Richard等,2002:270)。

②Blois在对Hingley(2005)一篇题名为《适应不平衡的渠道权力关系》的论文进行的评论中提出了这一观点(Blois,2005:859~862)。

③Boyle(2003)发现,像好事多(Costco)和沃尔玛这样的零售商正积极为创造自有品牌展开营销活动,部分自有品牌已经成为高档商品。某些消费品专家因此宣称:“要么争取成为店内销售额前三位的品牌,要么就退出市场。”

④零售商还可以通过出售或者有选择地与生产商分享销售信息来影响生产商。

⑤或者是直接通过陈列费和上架费,或者是通过作为进场条件的更低价格、类似于促销支持的广告费用。

⑥对权力的这一区分是该研究的一大亮点。后来,Kumar(2005:863~866)对此进行过相当详细的论述。

⑦在此基础上,Kinsey(1998)认为,实际上,沃尔玛现象是德姆塞茨假设(Demsetz hypothesis)的一个实例:有效率的企业具有高级管理技术或生产技术,从而能降低成本并获得较高的利润,进而增加市场份额和提高集中度。

⑧英国公平交易办公室(Office of Fair Trading)题为《零售业竞争》(Competition in Retailing)的报告(1997年9月)。

⑨Laoura M.Maratou等(2005)对此问题进行了研究,并在美国食品系统研究会(food system research group)主办的第二届研讨会(2005年6月16~17日)上报告了研究成果。

⑩该研究成果的摘要可通过以下网址获得:http://www.emich.edu/public/geo/557book/c312.stone.html。