随着老龄化进程加速,中国家庭照料负担持续加重,并不断向市场转移。老年人的社会化照料需求达到历史峰值,照料经济的持续健康发展显得愈加重要。然而,调查数据显示,养老护理员的工资水平明显低于其他照料工作者,严重制约了劳动力进入,照料赤字问题突出。过往研究大都关注照料型与非照料型工作者之间的工资差异,忽略了照料市场的内部工资分化。文章聚焦于照料经济内部,使用2019年中国四个城市家政工人调查数据,对老年照料工作的低回报率进行了分析。结果发现:(1)与其他家政工相比,养老护理员的工资分布较为集中,且上升空间有限,存在明显的“天花板效应”。(2)排除职业自选择偏误后,养老护理员与家务员的工资差异不显著;与育儿嫂存在10%—15%的工资差异,其中职业歧视解释了月工资差异的76%和小时工资差异的40%。(3)家政培训只对育儿嫂和家务员具有积极的收入效应,而对养老护理员无显著影响,这验证了老年照料工作存在基于职业隔离的技能贬值。文章为解决老年照料的劳动力赤字,为照料市场实现“提质扩容”提供了实践方向。根据研究结论,文章建议应提高养老护理员的技能认可和职业地位,发展科学高效的现代化照料模式。
中国家政行业老年照料工作的低回报率:禀赋差异还是职业歧视?
摘要
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杨博文. 中国家政行业老年照料工作的低回报率:禀赋差异还是职业歧视?*[J]. 财经研究, 2022, 48(8): 94-108.
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