ATM网络的兼容性与定价策略研究
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外国经济与管理 2006 年 第 28 卷第 11 期, 页码：38 - 44
摘要
参考文献
摘要
对应于不同的ATM定价方式,技术上兼容的ATM网络在经济上会变得部分兼容甚至完全不兼容,并影响消费者剩余、银行利润和社会福利。本文研究了网络效应条件下的ATM兼容和定价策略问题,分析各种定价方式形成的制度背景以及对银行竞争、ATM机具布放和交易量的经验影响。
[1]J Farrell,and G Saloner.Standardization,compatibility and innovation[J].RAND Journal of Economics,1985,16:70-83.
[2]McAndrews,James.The evolution of automatic teller machine networks[J].Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Busi-ness Review,1991,(5):1-22.
[3]Carlton,D,and A Frankel.Antitrust and payment technologies[J].Federal Reserve of St.Louis Review,1995,(6):1-15.
[4]Prager,R.The effects of ATM surcharges on small banking organizations[J].Review of Industrial Organization,2001,18:161-173.
[5]Laderman,E.The Public policy implications of state laws pertaining to automated teller machines[J].Federal ReserveBank of San Francisco Economic Review,1990,(1):43-58.
[6]Matutes,C,and A J Padilla.Shared ATM networks and banking competition[J].European Economic Review,1994,38:1113-1138.
[7]Oz Shy.The economics of network industries[M].Cambridge:The Press of the University of Cambridge,2001:142-149.
[8]McAndrews,James,and R Rob.Shared ownership and pricing in a network switch[J].International Journal of Indus-trial Organization,1996,14:727-745.
[9]Laffont,J,P Rey,and J Tirole.Network competition:overview and nondiscriminatory pricing[J].RAND Journal of E-conomics,1998,(1):1-37.
[10]Armstrong,M,and J Vickers.The access pricing problem with deregulation[J].The Journal of Industrial Economics,1998,(1):115-121.
[11]Donze,J,and I Dubec.The role of interchange fees in shared ATM networks[R].Working Paper,University of Tou-louse,2002:1-25.
[12]McAndrews,J.A model of ATM pricing:foreign fees and surcharges[R].Working Paper,Federal Reserve Bank ofNew York,2001:1-21.
[13]Massoud,N,and D Bernhardt.Rip-off ATM surcharges[J].RAND Journal of Economics,2002,(1):96-115.
[14]Hannan,T E Kiser,R Prager,and J McAndrew.To surcharge or not to surcharge:an empirical investigation of ATMpricing[J].Review of Economics and Statistics,2003,(4):990-1002.
[15]Croft,S,and B Spencer.Fees and surcharges in ATM networks:non-bank ATM provider versus large banks[R].NBER Working Paper,2003:1-33.
[16]Emmanuelle Auriol,and Michel Benaim.Standardization in decentralized economies[J].American Economic Review,2000,(3):550-570.
[17]Joy Ishii.Interconnection pricing and compatibility in network industries:ATM networks in the banking industry[R].Working Paper,Harvard University,2004:1-62.
①在美国,额外费最初是由ATM网络Pulse设置的,First Texas Saving和区域性网络Pulse EFTA因ATM机具成本弥补问题而发生发卡机构与出机机构之间的冲突。结果,法院判决,允许Pulse收取交换费,也允许出机机构向持卡人收取便利费(convenience fee),即额外费。
②ATM的ISO(independent sales organizations)不仅拥有ATM机具,同时出租、出售机具或直接经营ATM机具。
③美国ATM网普遍收取额外费。1996年以前,美国的ATM网络Plus和Cirrus都禁止连接它们网络的ATM出机机构收取额外费。但美国的有些州立法规定,“禁止收取ATM额外费”是非法的,提倡收取额外费的ATM出机机构以反垄断为由对全国性ATM网络提起了诉讼。在这样的情况下,Plus和Cirrus网络于1996年4月1日解除了收取额外费的禁令,允许其成员机构对ATM跨行交易收取额外费。据美联储统计,截至1998年,已有78%的银行和57%的储蓄联合机构向跨行交易持卡人收取额外费。
④STAR、Plus和Cirrus是美国的全国性ATM网络。据统计,2002年接入Cirrus网络的ATM占全美ATM总数的92.3%,接入Plus的为88%,接入STAR的为63.6%。
⑤Farrell和Saloner(1985)区分了三种兼容性:物理兼容性、通信兼容性和习惯兼容性。物理兼容性是指物质产品在物理或电磁学上被设计安装在一起,通过物理产品性能的标准化来实现。通信兼容性是指两种物质设备彼此通信交流的能力,一般通过特定的通信标准来实现。而在习惯兼容性的情况下,协调产品设计的收益不是表现在物质上,如标准时间和货币。
⑥许多ATM卡(借记卡)就是工资卡,而这种卡的选择是单位和集体做出的,个人几乎不能转换ATM卡的所属银行。
[2]McAndrews,James.The evolution of automatic teller machine networks[J].Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Busi-ness Review,1991,(5):1-22.
[3]Carlton,D,and A Frankel.Antitrust and payment technologies[J].Federal Reserve of St.Louis Review,1995,(6):1-15.
[4]Prager,R.The effects of ATM surcharges on small banking organizations[J].Review of Industrial Organization,2001,18:161-173.
[5]Laderman,E.The Public policy implications of state laws pertaining to automated teller machines[J].Federal ReserveBank of San Francisco Economic Review,1990,(1):43-58.
[6]Matutes,C,and A J Padilla.Shared ATM networks and banking competition[J].European Economic Review,1994,38:1113-1138.
[7]Oz Shy.The economics of network industries[M].Cambridge:The Press of the University of Cambridge,2001:142-149.
[8]McAndrews,James,and R Rob.Shared ownership and pricing in a network switch[J].International Journal of Indus-trial Organization,1996,14:727-745.
[9]Laffont,J,P Rey,and J Tirole.Network competition:overview and nondiscriminatory pricing[J].RAND Journal of E-conomics,1998,(1):1-37.
[10]Armstrong,M,and J Vickers.The access pricing problem with deregulation[J].The Journal of Industrial Economics,1998,(1):115-121.
[11]Donze,J,and I Dubec.The role of interchange fees in shared ATM networks[R].Working Paper,University of Tou-louse,2002:1-25.
[12]McAndrews,J.A model of ATM pricing:foreign fees and surcharges[R].Working Paper,Federal Reserve Bank ofNew York,2001:1-21.
[13]Massoud,N,and D Bernhardt.Rip-off ATM surcharges[J].RAND Journal of Economics,2002,(1):96-115.
[14]Hannan,T E Kiser,R Prager,and J McAndrew.To surcharge or not to surcharge:an empirical investigation of ATMpricing[J].Review of Economics and Statistics,2003,(4):990-1002.
[15]Croft,S,and B Spencer.Fees and surcharges in ATM networks:non-bank ATM provider versus large banks[R].NBER Working Paper,2003:1-33.
[16]Emmanuelle Auriol,and Michel Benaim.Standardization in decentralized economies[J].American Economic Review,2000,(3):550-570.
[17]Joy Ishii.Interconnection pricing and compatibility in network industries:ATM networks in the banking industry[R].Working Paper,Harvard University,2004:1-62.
①在美国,额外费最初是由ATM网络Pulse设置的,First Texas Saving和区域性网络Pulse EFTA因ATM机具成本弥补问题而发生发卡机构与出机机构之间的冲突。结果,法院判决,允许Pulse收取交换费,也允许出机机构向持卡人收取便利费(convenience fee),即额外费。
②ATM的ISO(independent sales organizations)不仅拥有ATM机具,同时出租、出售机具或直接经营ATM机具。
③美国ATM网普遍收取额外费。1996年以前,美国的ATM网络Plus和Cirrus都禁止连接它们网络的ATM出机机构收取额外费。但美国的有些州立法规定,“禁止收取ATM额外费”是非法的,提倡收取额外费的ATM出机机构以反垄断为由对全国性ATM网络提起了诉讼。在这样的情况下,Plus和Cirrus网络于1996年4月1日解除了收取额外费的禁令,允许其成员机构对ATM跨行交易收取额外费。据美联储统计,截至1998年,已有78%的银行和57%的储蓄联合机构向跨行交易持卡人收取额外费。
④STAR、Plus和Cirrus是美国的全国性ATM网络。据统计,2002年接入Cirrus网络的ATM占全美ATM总数的92.3%,接入Plus的为88%,接入STAR的为63.6%。
⑤Farrell和Saloner(1985)区分了三种兼容性:物理兼容性、通信兼容性和习惯兼容性。物理兼容性是指物质产品在物理或电磁学上被设计安装在一起,通过物理产品性能的标准化来实现。通信兼容性是指两种物质设备彼此通信交流的能力,一般通过特定的通信标准来实现。而在习惯兼容性的情况下,协调产品设计的收益不是表现在物质上,如标准时间和货币。
⑥许多ATM卡(借记卡)就是工资卡,而这种卡的选择是单位和集体做出的,个人几乎不能转换ATM卡的所属银行。
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岳中刚. ATM网络的兼容性与定价策略研究[J]. 外国经济与管理, 2006, 28(11): 38–44.
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