Promoting corporate digital transformation is an important driving force for building a new development pattern and realizing high-quality economic development. Based on the matching data of CSMAR database and China Customs database from 2011 to 2016, this paper constructs the digital transformation index of firms from the dimensions of digital input, digital attention, and digital output, and empirically tests the impact and mechanism of digital transformation on the high-quality development of firm exports. The study finds that digital transformation can effectively promote the high-quality development of firm exports, and this effect is more obvious in state-owned enterprises, large enterprises, and labor-intensive industries. Mechanism testing shows that digital transformation mainly promotes the high-quality development of firm exports by stimulating corporate innovation behavior, promoting energy conservation and emission reduction, and accelerating the upgrading of human capital structure. Further research finds that the promotion effect of digital transformation on the high-quality development of firm exports will also be affected by external macro-environmental factors, such as intellectual property protection, inclusive financial development, and public infrastructure. In addition, the product range that digital transformation promotes the high-quality development of firm exports comes from both existing old products and newly launched products. This paper enriches and expands the research on the impact of digital transformation on corporate performance, and provides a realistic path for promoting high-quality trade development.