In the context of the deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy, acquiring and applying high-quality data elements is not only crucial for enterprises to achieve digital transformation, but also an important measure to strengthen China’s competitive advantages in the industrial chain. Based on millions of global supply chain relationship records from the FactSet Revere database, this paper empirically evaluates the impact of public data opening on corporate supply chain network positions. The study finds that public data opening significantly promotes corporate supply chain network positions by enhancing the trust relationship between upstream and downstream partners and improving production efficiency. Public data opening not only enables enterprises to establish more supply chain relationships, but also improves the quality of supply chain cooperation. The enabling effect of data element release complements private communication channels between upstream and downstream partners. Furthermore, public data opening can break down market segmentation and drive enterprises in other regions to improve their supply chain network positions, and its direct effect depends on the construction of a unified market. The firm-level heterogeneity analysis reveals that enterprises with strong product differentiation, high sensitivity to operational uncertainty, and poor quality of information disclosure experience a more significant improvement in their supply chain network positions under the public data opening policy. Economic consequence analysis finds that the promoting effect on supply chain network positions significantly improves corporate supply chain management and coordination capabilities. Based on the above findings, this paper argues that: First, the orderly advancement of high-quality opening of public data resources should be promoted, supporting the eastern, central, and western regions to leverage their comparative advantages and conduct regional cooperation in data storage, computing, and services. Second, the service and resource integration functions of government data platforms should be effectively improved by establishing a social demand feedback mechanism for public data opening and strengthening third-party evaluation of the quality and accessibility of open datasets on public data platforms. Third, the enabling role of data in industrial and supply chains should be further enhanced by cultivating a nationally integrated data market, promoting cross-regional data sharing, and breaking down data barriers between domestic regions.