Pollution prevention and control requires the joint efforts of the government and society, and environmental information disclosure is the basis of effective collaborative governance. Environmental information disclosure, as an institutional arrangement for the government to respond to public demands for environmental protection and governance, the evaluation and mechanism of its policy effectiveness are worth further discussing. Based on the urban panel data from 2008 to 2016 in China, this paper takes the release of the “Ambient Air Quality Standards 2012” as an exogenous policy shock, and analyzes the impact of pollution monitoring information disclosure on air quality using the multi-period DID method. This paper discusses the influence channel mechanism of environmental information disclosure on air quality from the perspectives of government, enterprise and the public. Various robustness test methods such as Heckman two-step method, PSM-DID and placebo are used to verify the effectiveness of the basic conclusions. It comes to the following conclusions: First, the disclosure of pollution information can significantly reduce the density of air pollution. Second, under the dual role of internal government pressure and external supervision, environmental information disclosure not only helps to improve the government environmental concern, but also stimulates the public enthusiasm for environmental protection supervision, promotes the scale and structural adjustment of new investment by enterprises, and forms the environmental governance pattern of government, enterprise and the public. Third, the pollution prevention effect of environmental information disclosure is affected by the characteristics of local officials and local financial resources. In areas with older officials and less financial pressure, environmental information disclosure has a more significant pollution control effect. The conclusion of this paper has a practical significance for further improving the environmental governance system with the government as the leading body, the enterprise as the main body and public participation. It means that while improving the environmental protection law and strengthening the level of environmental investment, we should also increase the disclosure of environmental information, improve the quality, accessibility and comprehensibility of environmental information data, and play the role of environmental information in cross-regional pollution prevention and control coordination, so as to improve the sustainable development momentum of the government to promote regional economic growth and environmental governance.